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South Africa wiki
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Infobox Country
conventional_long_name=
Collapsible list|title= Republic of South Africa
|ethnic_groups=79.4% Black
9.2% White
8.8% Coloured
2.6% Asian
common_name=South Africa
image_flag=Flag of South Africa.svg
image_coat=Coat of arms of South Africa.svg
symbol_type=Coat of arms
image_map=South_Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg
national_motto=''(Ç€Xam)
"Unity In Diversity"
national_anthem=National anthem of South Africa
official_languages=
Collapsible list|title=11
|Afrikaans |English (South African English) |Southern Ndebele |Northern Sotho |Southern Sotho |Swazi |Tsonga |Tswana |Venda |Xhosa |Zuludemonym=South African
capital=Pretoria (executive)
Bloemfontein (judicial)
Cape Town (legislative)
largest_city=Johannesburg (2006)
government_type=Parliamentary republic with a parliamentarily dependent head of state
leader_title1=President
leader_name1=Jacob Zuma
leader_title2=Deputy President
leader_name2=Kgalema Motlanthe
leader_title3=NCOP Chairman
leader_name3=M. J. Mahlangu
leader_title4=National Assembly Speaker
leader_name4=Max Sisulu
leader_title5=Chief Justice
leader_name5=Sandile Ngcobo
leader_title6=
leader_name6=
sovereignty_type=Independence
sovereignty_note=
established_event1=Union
established_date1=31 May 1910
established_event2=Statute of Westminster
established_date2=11 December 1931
established_event3=Republic
established_date3=31 May 1961
area_rank=25th
area_magnitude=1 E12
area_km2=1,221,037
area_sq_mi=471,443
percent_water=Negligible
population_estimate=49,991,300
population_estimate_year=2010
population_estimate_rank=25th
population_census=44,819,778
population_census_year=2001
population_density_km2=41
population_densiti_sq_mi=106
population_density_rank=170th
GDP_PPP_year=2009
GDP_PPP=$505.214 billion
GDP_PPP_rank =
GDP_PPP_per_capita=$10,243
GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
GDP_nominal_year=2009
GDP_nominal=$287.219 billion
GDP_nominal_rank =
GDP_nominal_per_capita=$5,823
GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
Gini=57.8
Gini_year=2000
Gini_category=high
footnotes=
HDI_year=2009
HDI=0.683
HDI_rank=129th
HDI_category=medium
currency=Rand
currency_code=ZAR
country_code=RSA
time_zone=SAST
utc_offset=+2
Date Formats=dd/mm/yyyy
drives_on=left
cctld=.za
calling_code=+27
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline South Africa is known for a diversity in cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution. Two of these languages are of European origin: Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans, and South African English. Though English has a large role in public and commercial life, it is nevertheless only the fifth most-spoken home language. South Africa is ethnically diverse. About 79.5% of the South African population is of black African ancestry, South Africa is the most populous country in the world to have legalized same-sex marriage throughout its entire territory. South Africa is a constitutional democracy in the form of a parliamentary republic with a parliamentarily dependent head of state. It is one of the founding members of the African Union, and has the largest economy of all the members. It is also a founding member of the United Nations and NEPAD. South Africa is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Antarctic Treaty System, Group of 77, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, Southern African Customs Union, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, G20 and G8+5.
History
South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological sites in the world. These were succeeded by various species of ''Homo'', including ''Homo habilis'', ''Homo erectus'' and modern humans, ''Homo sapiens''. Settlements of Bantu-speaking peoples, who were iron-using agriculturists and herdsmen, were already present south of the Limpopo River by the fourth or fifth century CE. (see Bantu expansion). They displaced, conquered and absorbed the original Khoisan speakers. The Bantu slowly moved south. The earliest ironworks in modern-day KwaZulu-Natal Province are believed to date from around 1050. The southernmost group was the Xhosa people, whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the earlier Khoisan people. The Xhosa reached the Great Fish River, in today's Eastern Cape Province. As they migrated, these larger Iron Age populations displaced or assimilated earlier peoples, who often had hunter-gatherer societies. Modern humans have inhabited Southern Africa for more than 100,000 years. At the time of European contact, the dominant indigenous peoples were tribes who had migrated from other parts of Africa about one thousand years before. From the 4th-5th century CE, Bantu-speaking tribes had steadily moved south, where they displaced, conquered and assimilated original Khoikhoi and San peoples of southern Africa. At the time of European contact, the two major groups were the Xhosa and Zulu peoples. , the first European to settle in South Africa, with Devil's Peak in the background In 1487, the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias became the first European to reach the southernmost point of Africa. Initially named the Cape of Storms, The King of Portugal, John II, renamed it the ''Cabo da Boa Esperança'' or Cape of Good Hope, as it led to the riches of India. Dias' great feat of navigation was later immortalised in Camões' epic Portuguese poem, ''The Lusiads'' (1572). In 1652, a century and a half after the discovery of the Cape Sea Route, Jan van Riebeeck established a refreshment station at the Cape of Good Hope, at what would become Cape Town, on behalf of the Dutch East India Company. The Dutch transported slaves from Indonesia, Madagascar, and India as labour for the colonists in Cape Town. As they expanded east, the Dutch settlers met the south-westerly expanding Xhosa people in the region of the Fish River. A series of wars, called the Cape Frontier Wars, ensued, mainly caused by conflicting land and livestock interests. The discovery of diamonds and later gold triggered the 19th-century conflict known as the Anglo-Boer War, as the Boers (original Dutch, Flemish, German and French settlers) and the British fought for the control of the South African mineral wealth. Cape Town became a British colony in 1806. European settlement expanded during the 1820s as the Boers and the British 1820 Settlers claimed land in the north and east of the country. Conflicts arose among the Xhosa, Zulu and Afrikaner groups who competed for territory. Great Britain took over the Cape of Good Hope area in 1795, ostensibly to stop it from falling under control of the French First Republic, which had invaded the Dutch Republic. Given its standing interests in Australia and India, Great Britain wanted to use Cape Town as an interim port for its merchants' long voyages. The British returned Cape Town to the Dutch in 1803, but soon afterwards the Dutch East India Company declared bankruptcy. The British annexed the Cape Colony in 1806. The British continued the frontier wars against the Xhosa, pushing the eastern frontier eastward through a line of forts established along the Fish River. They consolidated the territory by encouraging British settlement. Due to pressure of abolitionist societies in Britain, the British parliament first stopped its global slave trade with the passage of the Slave Trade Act 1807, then abolished slavery in all its colonies with the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. s in combat (1881) In the first two decades of the 19th century, the Zulu people grew in power and expanded their territory under their leader, Shaka. An offshoot of the Zulu, the Matabele, created an even larger empire under their king Mzilikazi, including large parts of the highveld. During the 1830s, approximately 12,000 Boers (later known as Voortrekkers), departed from the Cape Colony, where they had been subjected to British control. They migrated to the future Natal, Orange Free State and Transvaal regions. The Boers founded the Boer Republics: the South African Republic (now Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and North West provinces) and the Orange Free State (Free State). The discovery of diamonds in 1867 and gold in 1884 in the interior encouraged economic growth and immigration. This intensified the European-South African subjugation of the indigenous people. The struggle to control these important economic resources was a factor between Europeans and the indigenous population, and also between the Boers and the British. The Boer Republics successfully resisted British encroachments during the First Boer War (1880–1881) using guerrilla warfare tactics, which were well suited to local conditions. However, the British returned with greater numbers, more experience, and more suitable tactics in the Second Boer War (1899–1902), which was won by the British. =20th century
= Within the country, anti-British policies among white South Africans focused on independence. During the Dutch and British colonial years, racial segregation was mostly informal, though some legislation were enacted to control the settlement and movement of native people, including the Native Location Act of 1879 and the system of ''pass laws''. Power was held by the European colonists. After four years of negotiating, the South Africa Act 1909 created the Union of South Africa from the Cape and Natal colonies, as well as the republics of Orange Free State and Transvaal, on 31 May 1910, exactly eight years after the end of the Second Boer War. The newly created Union of South Africa was a dominion of the British Empire. The Natives' Land Act of 1913 severely restricted the ownership of land by 'blacks'; at that stage they had control of a mere 7% of the country. The amount of land reserved for indigenous peoples was later marginally increased. In the Boer republics, and subsequent South African governments, the system became legally institutionalised segregation, later known as ''apartheid''. The government established three classes of racial stratification: white, coloured, and black, with rights and restrictions for each. In 1931 the union was effectively granted independence from the United Kingdom with the passage of the Statute of Westminster. In 1934, the South African Party and National Party merged to form the United Party, seeking reconciliation between Afrikaners and English-speaking "Whites". In 1939 the party split over the entry of the Union into World War II as an ally of the United Kingdom, a move which the National Party followers strongly opposed. In 1948, the National Party was elected to power. It intensified the implementation of racial segregation begun under Dutch and British colonial rule, and subsequent South African governments since the Union was formed. The white minority controlled the vastly larger black majority. The system of segregation became known collectively as ''apartheid''. While the White minority enjoyed the highest standard of living in all of Africa, comparable to First World western nations, the Black majority remained disadvantaged by almost every standard, including income, education, housing, and life expectancy. The standard of living of the black majority was however higher than most African countries. On 31 May 1961, following a whites-only referendum, the country became a republic and left the Commonwealth. Queen Elizabeth II ceased to be head of state, and the last Governor-General became State President. Despite opposition both within and outside the country, the government legislated for a continuation of apartheid. As the 20th century went on, Apartheid became increasingly controversial, some Western nations and institutions began to boycott doing business with the country because of its racial policies and oppression of civil rights leading to widespread international sanctions, divestment and growing unrest and oppression within South Africa. A long period of harsh suppression by the government, and at times violent resistance, strikes, marches, protests, and sabotage by bombing and other means, by various anti-apartheid movements, most notably the African National Congress (ANC), followed. In the late 1970s, South Africa began a programme of nuclear weapons development. In the following decade, it produced six deliverable nuclear weapons. The Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith, signed by Mangosuthu Buthelezi and Harry Schwarz in 1974, enshrined the principles of peaceful transition of power and equality for all, the first of such agreements by acknowledged black and white political leaders in South Africa, which would ultimately end with the negotiations between F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela in 1993. After years of internal protests, activism and insurgency by black South Africans and their allies, finally in 1990 the National Party government took the first step towards dismantling discrimination when it lifted the ban on the African National Congress and other political organisations. It released Nelson Mandela from prison after twenty-seven years' incarceration on a sabotage sentence. A negotiation process followed. The government repealed apartheid legislation. South Africa destroyed its nuclear arsenal and acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. South Africa held its first universal elections in 1994, which the ANC won by an overwhelming majority. It has been in power ever since. The country then rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations. In post-apartheid South Africa, unemployment has been extremely high. While many blacks have risen to middle or upper classes, the overall unemployment rate of blacks worsened between 1994 and 2003.Government and politics
in Pretoria are the home of the South African executive South Africa has three capital cities: Cape Town, the largest of the three, is the ''legislative'' capital; Pretoria is the ''administrative'' capital; and Bloemfontein is the ''judicial'' capital. South Africa has a bicameral parliament: the National Council of Provinces (the upper house) has 90 members, while the National Assembly (the lower house) has 400 members. Members of the lower house are elected on a population basis by proportional representation: half of the members are elected from national lists and the other half are elected from provincial lists. Ten members are elected to represent each province in the National Council of Provinces, regardless of the population of the province. Elections for both chambers are held every five years. The government is formed in the lower house, and the leader of the majority party in the National Assembly is the President. building, located in Cape Town. The primary sources of South Africa law are Roman-Dutch mercantile law and personal law with English Common law, as imports of Dutch settlements and British colonialism. The first European based law in South Africa was brought by the Dutch East India Company and is called Roman-Dutch law. It was imported before the codification of European law into the Napoleonic Code and is comparable in many ways to Scots law. This was followed in the 19th century by English law, both common and statutory. Starting in 1910 with unification, South Africa had its own parliament which passed laws specific for South Africa, building on those previously passed for the individual member colonies. During the years of apartheid, the country's political scene was dominated by figures like B. J. Vorster and P. W. Botha, as well as opposition figures such as Harry Schwarz, Joe Slovo and Helen Suzman. Since the end of apartheid in 1994, South African politics have been dominated by the African National Congress (ANC), which has been the dominant party with 60–70% of the vote. The main challenger to the rule of the ANC is the Democratic Alliance party, which received 16.7% of the vote in the 2009 election and 14.8% in the 2006 election. The formerly dominant New National Party, which introduced apartheid through its predecessor, the National Party, chose to merge with the ANC on 9 April 2005. Other major political parties represented in Parliament are the Congress of the People, which split from the ANC and won 7.4% of the vote in 2009, and the Inkatha Freedom Party, which mainly represents Zulu voters and took 4.6% of the vote in the 2009 election. Since 2004, the country has had many thousands of popular protests, some violent, making it, according to one academic, the "most protest-rich country in the world". Many of these protests have been organised from the growing shanty towns that surround South African cities. In 2008, South Africa placed 5th out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries on the Ibrahim Index of African Governance. South Africa scored well in the categories of Rule of Law, Transparency & Corruption and Participation & Human Rights, but was let down by its relatively poor performance in Safety & Security. The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African governance, based on a number of different variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to its citizens. After the end of apartheid in 1994, the "independent" and "semi-independent" Bantustans were integrated into the political structure of South Africa by the abolition of the four former provinces (Cape Province, Natal Province, Orange Free State and Transvaal Province) and the creation of nine fully integrated new provinces. The generally smaller size of the new provinces theoretically means that local governments have more resources to distribute over smaller areas. The provinces are subdivided into 52 districts: 6 metropolitan and 46 district municipalities. The district municipalities are further subdivided into 231 local municipalities. The metropolitan municipalities perform the functions of both district and local municipalities. The new provinces are: _Health
has caused a fall in life expectancy. The spread of AIDS (acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome) is an alarming problem in South Africa with up to 31% of pregnant women found to be HIV infected in 2005 and the infection rate among adults estimated at 20%. In 2007, in response to international pressure, the government made efforts to fight AIDS. AIDS affects mainly those who are sexually active and is far more prevalent in the black population. Most deaths are people who are also economically active, resulting in many families losing their primary wage earners. This has resulted in many 'AIDS orphans' who in many cases depend on the state for care and financial support. It is estimated that there are 1,200,000 orphans in South Africa. Many elderly people also lose the support from lost younger members of their family. Roughly 5 million people are infected with the disease.Science and technology
Several important scientific and technological developments have originated in South Africa. The first human-to-human heart transplant was performed by cardiac surgeon Christiaan Barnard at Groote Schuur Hospital in December 1967. Max Theiler developed a vaccine against Yellow Fever, Allan McLeod Cormack pioneered x-ray Computed tomography, and Aaron Klug developed crystallographic electron microscopy techniques. These advancements were all (with the exception of that of Barnard) recognised with Nobel Prizes. Sydney Brenner won most recently, in 2002, for his pioneering work in molecular biology. Mark Shuttleworth founded an early Internet security company Thawte, that was subsequently bought out by world-leader VeriSign. Despite government efforts to encourage entrepreneurship in biotechnology, IT and other high technology fields, no other notable groundbreaking companies have been founded in South Africa. However, it is the expressed objective of the government to transition the economy to be more reliant on high technology, based on the realisation that South Africa cannot compete with Far Eastern economies in manufacturing, nor can the republic rely on its mineral wealth in perpetuity. South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning astronomy community. It hosts the Southern African Large Telescope, the largest optical telescope in the southern hemisphere. South Africa is currently building the Karoo Array Telescope as a pathfinder for the $20 billion Square Kilometer Array project. South Africa is a finalist, with Australia, to be the host of the SKA.Society and culture
South African culture is diverse; foods from many cultures are enjoyed by all and especially marketed to tourists who wish to sample the large variety of South African cuisine. In addition to food, music and dance feature prominently. South African cuisine is heavily meat-based and has spawned the distinctively South African social gathering known as a ''braai'', or barbecue. South Africa has also developed into a major wine producer, with some of the best vineyards lying in valleys around Stellenbosch, Franschoek, Paarl and Barrydale. The South African black majority still has a substantial number of rural inhabitants who lead largely impoverished lives. It is among these people, however, that cultural traditions survive most strongly; as blacks have become increasingly urbanised and Westernised, aspects of traditional culture have declined. Urban blacks usually speak English or Afrikaans in addition to their native tongue. There are smaller but still significant groups of speakers of Khoisan languages who are not included in the eleven official languages, but are one of the eight other officially recognised languages. There are small groups of speakers of endangered languages, most of which are from the Khoi-San family, that receive no official status; however, some groups within South Africa are attempting to promote their use and revival. Members of middle class, who are predominantly white but whose ranks include growing numbers of black, coloured and Indian people, have lifestyles similar in many respects to that of people found in Western Europe, North America and Australasia. Members of the middle class often study and work abroad for greater exposure to the markets of the world. Asians, predominantly of Indian origin, preserve their own cultural heritage, languages and religious beliefs, being either Christian, Hindu or Sunni Muslim and speaking English, with Indian languages like Hindi, Telugu, Tamil or Gujarati being spoken less frequently, but the majority of Indians being able to understand their mother tongue. The first Indians arrived on the famous Truro ship as indentured labourers in Natal to work the Sugar Cane Fields. There is a much smaller Chinese community in South Africa, although its numbers have increased due to immigration from Republic of China (Taiwan). South Africa has also had a large influence in the Scouting movement, with many Scouting traditions and ceremonies coming from the experiences of Robert Baden-Powell (the founder of Scouting) during his time in South Africa as a military officer in the 1890s. The South African Scout Association was one of the first youth organisations to open its doors to youth and adults of all races in South Africa. This happened on 2 July 1977 at a conference known as ''Quo Vadis''.Music
There is great diversity in music from South Africa. Many black musicians who sang in Afrikaans or English during apartheid have since begun to sing in traditional African languages, and have developed a unique style called Kwaito. Of note is Brenda Fassie, who launched to fame with her song "Weekend Special", which was sung in English. More famous traditional musicians include Ladysmith Black Mambazo, while the Soweto String Quartet performs classic music with an African flavour. White and Coloured South African singers are historically influenced by European musical styles. South Africa has produced world-famous jazz musicians, notably Hugh Masekela, Jonas Gwangwa, Abdullah Ibrahim, Miriam Makeba, Jonathan Butler, Chris McGregor, and Sathima Bea Benjamin. Afrikaans music covers multiple genres, such as the contemporary Steve Hofmeyr and the punk rock band Fokofpolisiekar. Crossover artists such as Verity (internationally recognised for innovation in the music industry) and Johnny Clegg and his bands Juluka and Savuka have enjoyed various success underground, publicly, and abroad. The South African music scene includes Kwaito, a new music genre that had developed in the mid 80s and has since developed to become the most popular social economical form of representation among the populous. Though some may argue that the political aspects of Kwaito has since diminished after Apartheid, and the relative interest in politics has become a minor aspect of daily life. Some argue that in a sense, Kwaito is in fact a political force that shows activism in its apolitical actions. Today, major corporations like Sony, BMG, and EMI have appeared on the South African scene to produce and distribute Kwaito music. Due to its overwhelming popularity, as well as the general influence of DJs, who are among the top 5 most influential types of people within the country, Kwaito has taken over radio, television, and magazines.Religion
According to the 2001 national census, Christians accounted for 79.7% of the population. This includes Zion Christian (11.1%), Pentecostal (Charismatic) (8.2%), Roman Catholic (7.1%), Methodist (6.8%), Dutch Reformed (6.7%), Anglican (3.8%); members of other Christian churches accounted for another 36% of the population. Muslims accounted for 1.5% of the population, Hindus about 1.3%, and Judaism 0.2%. 15.1% had no religious affiliation, 2.3% were other and 1.4% were unspecified. African Indigenous Churches were the largest of the Christian groups. It was believed that many of these persons who claimed no affiliation with any organised religion adhered to traditional indigenous religions. Many peoples have syncretic religious practices combining Christian and indigenous influences. Islam in South Africa constitute mostly of those are described as Coloureds and those who are described as Indians. They have been joined by black or white South African converts as well as others from other parts of Africa. The Hindu population was primarily established during British colonial period, but later waves of immigration from India have also contributed to it. Most Hindus are ethnically South Asian but there are many who come from mixed racial stock, and some are converts with the efforts of Hindu missionaries such as ISKCON. Other minority religions in South Africa are Sikhism, Jainism and Bahá'à Faith.Languages
.Columns
col1=
col2= South Africa has eleven official languages: Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swazi, Tswana, Tsonga, Venda, Xhosa and Zulu. In this regard it is third only to Bolivia and India in number. While all the languages are formally equal, some languages are spoken more than others. According to the 2001 National Census, the three most spoken first home languages are Zulu (23.8%), Xhosa (17.6%) and Afrikaans (13.3%). Despite the fact that English is recognised as the language of commerce and science, it was spoken by only 8.2% of South Africans at home in 2001, an even lower percentage than in 1996 (8.6%). The country also recognises several unofficial languages, including Fanagalo, Khoe, Lobedu, Nama, Northern Ndebele, Phuthi, San and South African Sign Language. These unofficial languages may be used in certain official uses in limited areas where it has been determined that these languages are prevalent. Nevertheless, their populations are not such that they require nationwide recognition. Many of the "unofficial languages" of the San and Khoikhoi people contain regional dialects stretching northwards into Namibia and Botswana, and elsewhere. These people, who are a physically distinct population from other Africans, have their own cultural identity based on their hunter-gatherer societies. They have been marginalised to a great extent, and many of their languages are in danger of becoming extinct. Many white South Africans also speak other European languages, such as Portuguese (also spoken by black Angolans and Mozambicans), German, and Greek, while some Asians and Indians in South Africa speak South Asian languages, such as Tamil, Hindi, Gujarati, Urdu and Telugu. French is still widely spoken by French South Africans especially in places like Franschhoek, where many South Africans are of French origin. South African French is spoken by fewer than 10,000 individuals. Congolese French is also spoken in South Africa by migrants.
Sports
during a soccer match between South Africa and Colombia South Africa's most popular sports are soccer, rugby union and cricket. and skateboarding are increasingly popular. Famous boxing personalities include Baby Jake Jacob Matlala, Vuyani Bungu, Welcome Ncita, Dingaan Thobela, Gerrie Coetzee and Brian Mitchell. Soccer players who have played for major foreign clubs include Lucas Radebe and Philemon Masinga (both formerly of Leeds United), Quinton Fortune (Atletico Madrid and Manchester United), Benni McCarthy (Ajax Amsterdam, F.C. Porto, Blackburn Rovers and West Ham United), Aaron Mokoena (Ajax Amsterdam, Blackburn Rovers and Portsmouth), Delron Buckley (Borussia Dortmund) and Steven Pienaar (Ajax Amsterdam and Everton). Durban Surfer Jordy Smith won the 2010 Billabong J-Bay competition making him the no 1 ranked surfer in the world. South Africa produced Formula One motor racing's 1979 world champion Jody Scheckter. Famous current cricket players include Herschelle Gibbs, Graeme Smith, Jacques Kallis, JP Duminy, etc. Most of them also participate in the Indian Premier League. '' in a bus parade after winning the 2007 Rugby World Cup South Africa has also produced numerous world class rugby players, including Francois Pienaar, Joost van der Westhuizen, Danie Craven, Frik du Preez, Naas Botha and Bryan Habana. South Africa hosted and won the 1995 Rugby World Cup and won the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France. It followed the 1995 Rugby World Cup by hosting the 1996 African Cup of Nations, with the national team going on to win the tournament. It also hosted the 2003 Cricket World Cup, the 2007 World Twenty20 Championship, and it was the host nation for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, which was the first time the tournament was held in Africa. FIFA president Sepp Blatter awarded South Africa a grade 9 out of 10 for successfully hosting the event. In 2004, the swimming team of Roland Schoeman, Lyndon Ferns, Darian Townsend and Ryk Neethling won the gold medal at the Olympic Games in Athens, simultaneously breaking the world record in the 4x100 freestyle relay. Penny Heyns won Olympic Gold in the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games. In golf, Gary Player is generally regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all time, having won the Career Grand Slam, one of five golfers to have done so. Other South African golfers to have won major tournaments include Bobby Locke, Ernie Els, Retief Goosen, Trevor Immelman and Louis Oosthuizen .Education
Learners have twelve years of formal schooling, from grade 1 to 12. Grade R is a pre-primary foundation year. Primary schools span the first seven years of schooling. High School education spans a further five years. The senior sertificate examination takes place at the end of grade 12 and is necessary for tertiary studies at a South African university. In the age of Apartheid, schools for blacks were subject to discrimination through inadequate funding and a separate syllabus called 'Bantu Education' which was only designed to give them sufficient skills to work as labourers.Social issues
buildings on Robben Island According to a survey for the period 1998–2000 compiled by the United Nations, South Africa was ranked second for murder and first for assaults and rapes per capita. Total crime per capita is 10th out of the 60 countries in the data set. Rape is a common problem in South Africa, in a 2009 survey one in four South African men admitted to raping someone. In a related survey conducted among 1,500 schoolchildren in the Soweto township, a quarter of all the boys interviewed said that 'jackrolling', a term for gang rape, was fun. Middle-class South Africans seek security in gated communities. Many emigrants from South Africa also state that crime was a big motivator for them to leave. Crime against the farming community has continued to be a major problem. Along with many African nations, South Africa has been experiencing a "brain drain" in the past 20 years. This is believed to be potentially damaging for the regional economy, In May 2008 societal hostility to African migrants exploded in a series of pogroms that left up to 100 people dead and 100,000 displaced.See also
List of South Africa–related topics
References
Further reading
''A History of South Africa, Third Edition''. Leonard Thompson. Yale University Press. 1 March 2001. 384 pages. ISBN 0-300-08776-4.
''Emerging Johannesburg: Perspectives on the Postapartheid City''. Richard Tomlinson, et al. 1 January 2003. 336 pages. ISBN 0-415-93559-8.
''Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid''. Nigel Worden. 1 July 2000. 194 pages. ISBN 0-631-21661-8.
"Religion and Politics in South Africa." David Hein. ''Modern Age'' 31 (1987): 21–30.
''South Africa: A Narrative History''. Frank Welsh. Kodansha America. 1 February 1999. 606 pages. ISBN 1-56836-258-7.
''South Africa in Contemporary Times''. Godfrey Mwakikagile. New Africa Press. February 2008. 260 pages. ISBN 978-0-9802587-3-8.
''The Atlas of Changing South Africa''. A. J. Christopher. 1 October 2000. 216 pages. ISBN 0-415-21178-6.
''The Politics of the New South Africa''. Heather Deegan. 28 December 2000. 256 pages. ISBN 0-582-38227-0.
''Twentieth-Century South Africa''. William Beinart Oxford University Press 2001, 414 pages, ISBN 0-19-289318-1
''The Diamond Mines of South Africa''. Gardner F. Williams, General Manager De Beers, Buck & Co, 1905, 845 pages, Vol I and II. Online full text version: Farlang.com, Diamond Mines Vol. I and Farlang.com, Diamond Mines Vol. II
''The Next Twenty-Five Years: Affirmative Action in Higher Education in the United States and South Africa''. David L. Featherman, et al. University of Michigan Press. 2009. 416 pages. ISBN 978-0-472-11705-5.
External links
Government of South Africa
[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-s/south-africa.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]
South Africa from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
SouthAfrica.info
Stunning South Africa - slideshow by ''Life magazine''
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title = Articles related to South Africa
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title = Geographic locale
list= Geographic coordinate system|Lat. and Long. (Cape Town)
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fonte: Wikipedia
South Africa
South Africa
Wallabies Must Move on From Drought-Breaking South Africa Win, Coach Says - BloombergThe AgeWallabies Must Move on From Drought-Breaking South Africa Win, Coach SaysBloomberg... move on from last week's drought-breaking win in South Africa after making one change for this weekend's final Tri-Nations match against New Zealand. ...Five changes for All BlacksSkySportsIndexThe Canadian PressHenry handles World Cup countdownTVNZYahoo! Eurosport UK -Stuff.co.nz -Radio New Zealandtutte le notizie (395) »
South Africa
Africa Dispatch: South Africa Loses Its Groove After World Cup - Wall Street JournalNew Zealand HeraldAfrica Dispatch: South Africa Loses Its Groove After World CupWall Street JournalYet the incident is one of many, small and large, playing out in communities across South Africa, that has re-awakened a sense of national unease following ...Wire agencies express concern on S.Africa mediaBusinessWeekSouth Africa's Zuma Supports Media Tribunal Investigating `Unfair' StoriesBloombergSouth Africa: Out of the West's Frying Pan, Into the Chinese FireAllAfrica.comSocialist Worker Online -World Socialist Web Site -Politicswebtutte le notizie (64) »
South Africa
Kevin Pietersen goes back to South Africa in a bid to find form - Herald SunDaily MailKevin Pietersen goes back to South Africa in a bid to find formHerald SunKEVIN Pietersen walked out on South Africa more than a decade ago but will now walk back in to try to find form before the Ashes this summer. ...Kevin Pieterse's Ashes warm-up in South Africa clearedBBC SportPietersen set to play in South AfricaAFPKevin Pietersen seeks to join South African provincial team to prepare for AshesThe Canadian PressSkySports -The Press Association -Reuters Africatutte le notizie (167) »
South Africa
Equities in South Africa Rise; Simmers, FirstRand, Harmony Gold Are Active - BloombergEquities in South Africa Rise; Simmers, FirstRand, Harmony Gold Are ActiveBloombergFirstRand Ltd. (FSR SJ), South Africa's second-largest financial services company, rose for a second day, climbing 20 cents or 1 percent, to 19.96 rand. ...Mr Gomwe appoints on executive committee of Anglo AmericanSteelGuruBowler Metcalf, Sanlam, Shoprite: South African Equity PreviewBusinessWeektutte le notizie (9) »
South Africa
FIFA to study scrapping extra-time at 2014 WCup - The Associated PressTimes LIVEFIFA to study scrapping extra-time at 2014 WCupThe Associated PressIt includes Carlos Bilardo, who coached Argentina to the 1986 World Cup title, and former players Romario of Brazil and South Africa's Jomo Sono. ...Win FIFA World Cup South Africa DVDSowetanA Sober Economic View of the FIFA World CupThe Heights (subscription)FIFA to consider axing extra time at World Cups: BlatterReuters CanadaThe Press Association -Politicswebtutte le notizie (263) »
South Africa
Aveng, Exxaro, Northam, Richemont May Move: South African Equities Preview - BloombergReuters AfricaAveng, Exxaro, Northam, Richemont May Move: South African Equities PreviewBloombergBy Garth Theunissen - Wed Sep 08 06:27:06 GMT 2010 The following is a list of companies whose shares may have unusual price changes in South Africa. ...South Africa's Interest Rate Cut Might Not Satisfy Demands for Weaker RandBloombergRand Weakens a Third Day Before Report That May Show Manufacturing SlowedBloombergS.African rand steady, eyes on c.bank rates verdictReuters AfricaBusinessWeek -BusinessWeek -RTT Newstutte le notizie (86) »
South Africa
South Africa murder rate shows sharp fall - BBC NewsTimes LIVESouth Africa murder rate shows sharp fallBBC NewsThe murder rate has fallen by 8.6% over the past year in South Africa, latest statistics show. Police Minister Nathi Mthethwa said the total number of ...Murders fall by 8.6% in South AfricaAFPWar rooms and response brings down crime, Crime statsFromtheoldtutte le notizie (26) »
South Africa
New Schools in South Africa Serve the Underserved - New York TimesNew Schools in South Africa Serve the UnderservedNew York TimesThe 500 students at the three Leap schools in South Africa all come from black townships. “I joined the gang because I wanted to belong,” he said. ...altro »
South Africa
South African Bonds Climb as Analysts Predict Half-Point Interest Rate Cut - BloombergSouth African Bonds Climb as Analysts Predict Half-Point Interest Rate CutBloombergBy Garth Theunissen - Thu Sep 09 07:16:56 GMT 2010 South African government bonds rose, pushing yields to a two-week low, as analysts predicted the central ...Gill Marcus must know a rate cut is in our best interestTimes LIVEtutte le notizie (3) »
South Africa
S.Africa gold output falls 3.4 pct y/y in July - ReutersS.Africa gold output falls 3.4 pct y/y in JulyReutersProduction of non-gold minerals fell 0.6 percent in July, Statistics South Africa said on its website www.statssa.gov.za. (Reporting by Agnieszka Flak) *We ...S. Africa Mining Output Drops In JulyRTT NewsUS Dollar Slips To 2-day Low Versus South African RandRTT NewsSouth Africa's Manufacturing Output Grows At Slower PaceRTT NewsReuters Africa -Creamer Media's Engineering Newstutte le notizie (14) »
